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-# Porting to the Buffer.from/Buffer.alloc API
-
-<a id="overview"></a>
-## Overview
-
-- [Variant 1: Drop support for Node.js ≤ 4.4.x and 5.0.0 — 5.9.x.](#variant-1) (*recommended*)
-- [Variant 2: Use a polyfill](#variant-2)
-- [Variant 3: manual detection, with safeguards](#variant-3)
-
-### Finding problematic bits of code using grep
-
-Just run `grep -nrE '[^a-zA-Z](Slow)?Buffer\s*\(' --exclude-dir node_modules`.
-
-It will find all the potentially unsafe places in your own code (with some considerably unlikely
-exceptions).
-
-### Finding problematic bits of code using Node.js 8
-
-If you’re using Node.js ≥ 8.0.0 (which is recommended), Node.js exposes multiple options that help with finding the relevant pieces of code:
-
-- `--trace-warnings` will make Node.js show a stack trace for this warning and other warnings that are printed by Node.js.
-- `--trace-deprecation` does the same thing, but only for deprecation warnings.
-- `--pending-deprecation` will show more types of deprecation warnings. In particular, it will show the `Buffer()` deprecation warning, even on Node.js 8.
-
-You can set these flags using an environment variable:
-
-```console
-$ export NODE_OPTIONS='--trace-warnings --pending-deprecation'
-$ cat example.js
-'use strict';
-const foo = new Buffer('foo');
-$ node example.js
-(node:7147) [DEP0005] DeprecationWarning: The Buffer() and new Buffer() constructors are not recommended for use due to security and usability concerns. Please use the new Buffer.alloc(), Buffer.allocUnsafe(), or Buffer.from() construction methods instead.
-    at showFlaggedDeprecation (buffer.js:127:13)
-    at new Buffer (buffer.js:148:3)
-    at Object.<anonymous> (/path/to/example.js:2:13)
-    [... more stack trace lines ...]
-```
-
-### Finding problematic bits of code using linters
-
-Eslint rules [no-buffer-constructor](https://eslint.org/docs/rules/no-buffer-constructor)
-or
-[node/no-deprecated-api](https://github.com/mysticatea/eslint-plugin-node/blob/master/docs/rules/no-deprecated-api.md)
-also find calls to deprecated `Buffer()` API. Those rules are included in some pre-sets.
-
-There is a drawback, though, that it doesn't always
-[work correctly](https://github.com/chalker/safer-buffer#why-not-safe-buffer) when `Buffer` is
-overriden e.g. with a polyfill, so recommended is a combination of this and some other method
-described above.
-
-<a id="variant-1"></a>
-## Variant 1: Drop support for Node.js ≤ 4.4.x and 5.0.0 — 5.9.x.
-
-This is the recommended solution nowadays that would imply only minimal overhead.
-
-The Node.js 5.x release line has been unsupported since July 2016, and the Node.js 4.x release line reaches its End of Life in April 2018 (→ [Schedule](https://github.com/nodejs/Release#release-schedule)). This means that these versions of Node.js will *not* receive any updates, even in case of security issues, so using these release lines should be avoided, if at all possible.
-
-What you would do in this case is to convert all `new Buffer()` or `Buffer()` calls to use `Buffer.alloc()` or `Buffer.from()`, in the following way:
-
-- For `new Buffer(number)`, replace it with `Buffer.alloc(number)`.
-- For `new Buffer(string)` (or `new Buffer(string, encoding)`), replace it with `Buffer.from(string)` (or `Buffer.from(string, encoding)`).
-- For all other combinations of arguments (these are much rarer), also replace `new Buffer(...arguments)` with `Buffer.from(...arguments)`.
-
-Note that `Buffer.alloc()` is also _faster_ on the current Node.js versions than
-`new Buffer(size).fill(0)`, which is what you would otherwise need to ensure zero-filling.
-
-Enabling eslint rule [no-buffer-constructor](https://eslint.org/docs/rules/no-buffer-constructor)
-or
-[node/no-deprecated-api](https://github.com/mysticatea/eslint-plugin-node/blob/master/docs/rules/no-deprecated-api.md)
-is recommended to avoid accidential unsafe Buffer API usage.
-
-There is also a [JSCodeshift codemod](https://github.com/joyeecheung/node-dep-codemod#dep005)
-for automatically migrating Buffer constructors to `Buffer.alloc()` or `Buffer.from()`.
-Note that it currently only works with cases where the arguments are literals or where the
-constructor is invoked with two arguments.
-
-_If you currently support those older Node.js versions and dropping them would be a semver-major change
-for you, or if you support older branches of your packages, consider using [Variant 2](#variant-2)
-or [Variant 3](#variant-3) on older branches, so people using those older branches will also receive
-the fix. That way, you will eradicate potential issues caused by unguarded Buffer API usage and
-your users will not observe a runtime deprecation warning when running your code on Node.js 10._
-
-<a id="variant-2"></a>
-## Variant 2: Use a polyfill
-
-Utilize [safer-buffer](https://www.npmjs.com/package/safer-buffer) as a polyfill to support older
-Node.js versions.
-
-You would take exacly the same steps as in [Variant 1](#variant-1), but with a polyfill
-`const Buffer = require('safer-buffer').Buffer` in all files where you use the new `Buffer` api.
-
-Make sure that you do not use old `new Buffer` API — in any files where the line above is added,
-using old `new Buffer()` API will _throw_. It will be easy to notice that in CI, though.
-
-Alternatively, you could use [buffer-from](https://www.npmjs.com/package/buffer-from) and/or
-[buffer-alloc](https://www.npmjs.com/package/buffer-alloc) [ponyfills](https://ponyfill.com/) —
-those are great, the only downsides being 4 deps in the tree and slightly more code changes to
-migrate off them (as you would be using e.g. `Buffer.from` under a different name). If you need only
-`Buffer.from` polyfilled — `buffer-from` alone which comes with no extra dependencies.
-
-_Alternatively, you could use [safe-buffer](https://www.npmjs.com/package/safe-buffer) — it also
-provides a polyfill, but takes a different approach which has
-[it's drawbacks](https://github.com/chalker/safer-buffer#why-not-safe-buffer). It will allow you
-to also use the older `new Buffer()` API in your code, though — but that's arguably a benefit, as
-it is problematic, can cause issues in your code, and will start emitting runtime deprecation
-warnings starting with Node.js 10._
-
-Note that in either case, it is important that you also remove all calls to the old Buffer
-API manually — just throwing in `safe-buffer` doesn't fix the problem by itself, it just provides
-a polyfill for the new API. I have seen people doing that mistake.
-
-Enabling eslint rule [no-buffer-constructor](https://eslint.org/docs/rules/no-buffer-constructor)
-or
-[node/no-deprecated-api](https://github.com/mysticatea/eslint-plugin-node/blob/master/docs/rules/no-deprecated-api.md)
-is recommended.
-
-_Don't forget to drop the polyfill usage once you drop support for Node.js < 4.5.0._
-
-<a id="variant-3"></a>
-## Variant 3 — manual detection, with safeguards
-
-This is useful if you create Buffer instances in only a few places (e.g. one), or you have your own
-wrapper around them.
-
-### Buffer(0)
-
-This special case for creating empty buffers can be safely replaced with `Buffer.concat([])`, which
-returns the same result all the way down to Node.js 0.8.x.
-
-### Buffer(notNumber)
-
-Before:
-
-```js
-var buf = new Buffer(notNumber, encoding);
-```
-
-After:
-
-```js
-var buf;
-if (Buffer.from && Buffer.from !== Uint8Array.from) {
-  buf = Buffer.from(notNumber, encoding);
-} else {
-  if (typeof notNumber === 'number')
-    throw new Error('The "size" argument must be of type number.');
-  buf = new Buffer(notNumber, encoding);
-}
-```
-
-`encoding` is optional.
-
-Note that the `typeof notNumber` before `new Buffer` is required (for cases when `notNumber` argument is not
-hard-coded) and _is not caused by the deprecation of Buffer constructor_ — it's exactly _why_ the
-Buffer constructor is deprecated. Ecosystem packages lacking this type-check caused numereous
-security issues — situations when unsanitized user input could end up in the `Buffer(arg)` create
-problems ranging from DoS to leaking sensitive information to the attacker from the process memory.
-
-When `notNumber` argument is hardcoded (e.g. literal `"abc"` or `[0,1,2]`), the `typeof` check can
-be omitted.
-
-Also note that using TypeScript does not fix this problem for you — when libs written in
-`TypeScript` are used from JS, or when user input ends up there — it behaves exactly as pure JS, as
-all type checks are translation-time only and are not present in the actual JS code which TS
-compiles to.
-
-### Buffer(number)
-
-For Node.js 0.10.x (and below) support:
-
-```js
-var buf;
-if (Buffer.alloc) {
-  buf = Buffer.alloc(number);
-} else {
-  buf = new Buffer(number);
-  buf.fill(0);
-}
-```
-
-Otherwise (Node.js ≥ 0.12.x):
-
-```js
-const buf = Buffer.alloc ? Buffer.alloc(number) : new Buffer(number).fill(0);
-```
-
-## Regarding Buffer.allocUnsafe
-
-Be extra cautious when using `Buffer.allocUnsafe`:
- * Don't use it if you don't have a good reason to
-   * e.g. you probably won't ever see a performance difference for small buffers, in fact, those
-     might be even faster with `Buffer.alloc()`,
-   * if your code is not in the hot code path — you also probably won't notice a difference,
-   * keep in mind that zero-filling minimizes the potential risks.
- * If you use it, make sure that you never return the buffer in a partially-filled state,
-   * if you are writing to it sequentially — always truncate it to the actuall written length
-
-Errors in handling buffers allocated with `Buffer.allocUnsafe` could result in various issues,
-ranged from undefined behaviour of your code to sensitive data (user input, passwords, certs)
-leaking to the remote attacker.
-
-_Note that the same applies to `new Buffer` usage without zero-filling, depending on the Node.js
-version (and lacking type checks also adds DoS to the list of potential problems)._
-
-<a id="faq"></a>
-## FAQ
-
-<a id="design-flaws"></a>
-### What is wrong with the `Buffer` constructor?
-
-The `Buffer` constructor could be used to create a buffer in many different ways:
-
-- `new Buffer(42)` creates a `Buffer` of 42 bytes. Before Node.js 8, this buffer contained
-  *arbitrary memory* for performance reasons, which could include anything ranging from
-  program source code to passwords and encryption keys.
-- `new Buffer('abc')` creates a `Buffer` that contains the UTF-8-encoded version of
-  the string `'abc'`. A second argument could specify another encoding: For example,
-  `new Buffer(string, 'base64')` could be used to convert a Base64 string into the original
-  sequence of bytes that it represents.
-- There are several other combinations of arguments.
-
-This meant that, in code like `var buffer = new Buffer(foo);`, *it is not possible to tell
-what exactly the contents of the generated buffer are* without knowing the type of `foo`.
-
-Sometimes, the value of `foo` comes from an external source. For example, this function
-could be exposed as a service on a web server, converting a UTF-8 string into its Base64 form:
-
-```
-function stringToBase64(req, res) {
-  // The request body should have the format of `{ string: 'foobar' }`
-  const rawBytes = new Buffer(req.body.string)
-  const encoded = rawBytes.toString('base64')
-  res.end({ encoded: encoded })
-}
-```
-
-Note that this code does *not* validate the type of `req.body.string`:
-
-- `req.body.string` is expected to be a string. If this is the case, all goes well.
-- `req.body.string` is controlled by the client that sends the request.
-- If `req.body.string` is the *number* `50`, the `rawBytes` would be 50 bytes:
-  - Before Node.js 8, the content would be uninitialized
-  - After Node.js 8, the content would be `50` bytes with the value `0`
-
-Because of the missing type check, an attacker could intentionally send a number
-as part of the request. Using this, they can either:
-
-- Read uninitialized memory. This **will** leak passwords, encryption keys and other
-  kinds of sensitive information. (Information leak)
-- Force the program to allocate a large amount of memory. For example, when specifying
-  `500000000` as the input value, each request will allocate 500MB of memory.
-  This can be used to either exhaust the memory available of a program completely
-  and make it crash, or slow it down significantly. (Denial of Service)
-
-Both of these scenarios are considered serious security issues in a real-world
-web server context.
-
-when using `Buffer.from(req.body.string)` instead, passing a number will always
-throw an exception instead, giving a controlled behaviour that can always be
-handled by the program.
-
-<a id="ecosystem-usage"></a>
-### The `Buffer()` constructor has been deprecated for a while. Is this really an issue?
-
-Surveys of code in the `npm` ecosystem have shown that the `Buffer()` constructor is still
-widely used. This includes new code, and overall usage of such code has actually been
-*increasing*.