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+/**
+ * Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) implementation.
+ *
+ * This implementation is based on the public domain library 'jscrypto' which
+ * was written by:
+ *
+ * Emily Stark (estark@stanford.edu)
+ * Mike Hamburg (mhamburg@stanford.edu)
+ * Dan Boneh (dabo@cs.stanford.edu)
+ *
+ * Parts of this code are based on the OpenSSL implementation of AES:
+ * http://www.openssl.org
+ *
+ * @author Dave Longley
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010-2014 Digital Bazaar, Inc.
+ */
+(function() {
+/* ########## Begin module implementation ########## */
+function initModule(forge) {
+
+/* AES API */
+forge.aes = forge.aes || {};
+
+/**
+ * Deprecated. Instead, use:
+ *
+ * var cipher = forge.cipher.createCipher('AES-<mode>', key);
+ * cipher.start({iv: iv});
+ *
+ * Creates an AES cipher object to encrypt data using the given symmetric key.
+ * The output will be stored in the 'output' member of the returned cipher.
+ *
+ * The key and iv may be given as a string of bytes, an array of bytes,
+ * a byte buffer, or an array of 32-bit words.
+ *
+ * @param key the symmetric key to use.
+ * @param iv the initialization vector to use.
+ * @param output the buffer to write to, null to create one.
+ * @param mode the cipher mode to use (default: 'CBC').
+ *
+ * @return the cipher.
+ */
+forge.aes.startEncrypting = function(key, iv, output, mode) {
+  var cipher = _createCipher({
+    key: key,
+    output: output,
+    decrypt: false,
+    mode: mode
+  });
+  cipher.start(iv);
+  return cipher;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Deprecated. Instead, use:
+ *
+ * var cipher = forge.cipher.createCipher('AES-<mode>', key);
+ *
+ * Creates an AES cipher object to encrypt data using the given symmetric key.
+ *
+ * The key may be given as a string of bytes, an array of bytes, a
+ * byte buffer, or an array of 32-bit words.
+ *
+ * @param key the symmetric key to use.
+ * @param mode the cipher mode to use (default: 'CBC').
+ *
+ * @return the cipher.
+ */
+forge.aes.createEncryptionCipher = function(key, mode) {
+  return _createCipher({
+    key: key,
+    output: null,
+    decrypt: false,
+    mode: mode
+  });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Deprecated. Instead, use:
+ *
+ * var decipher = forge.cipher.createDecipher('AES-<mode>', key);
+ * decipher.start({iv: iv});
+ *
+ * Creates an AES cipher object to decrypt data using the given symmetric key.
+ * The output will be stored in the 'output' member of the returned cipher.
+ *
+ * The key and iv may be given as a string of bytes, an array of bytes,
+ * a byte buffer, or an array of 32-bit words.
+ *
+ * @param key the symmetric key to use.
+ * @param iv the initialization vector to use.
+ * @param output the buffer to write to, null to create one.
+ * @param mode the cipher mode to use (default: 'CBC').
+ *
+ * @return the cipher.
+ */
+forge.aes.startDecrypting = function(key, iv, output, mode) {
+  var cipher = _createCipher({
+    key: key,
+    output: output,
+    decrypt: true,
+    mode: mode
+  });
+  cipher.start(iv);
+  return cipher;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Deprecated. Instead, use:
+ *
+ * var decipher = forge.cipher.createDecipher('AES-<mode>', key);
+ *
+ * Creates an AES cipher object to decrypt data using the given symmetric key.
+ *
+ * The key may be given as a string of bytes, an array of bytes, a
+ * byte buffer, or an array of 32-bit words.
+ *
+ * @param key the symmetric key to use.
+ * @param mode the cipher mode to use (default: 'CBC').
+ *
+ * @return the cipher.
+ */
+forge.aes.createDecryptionCipher = function(key, mode) {
+  return _createCipher({
+    key: key,
+    output: null,
+    decrypt: true,
+    mode: mode
+  });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Creates a new AES cipher algorithm object.
+ *
+ * @param name the name of the algorithm.
+ * @param mode the mode factory function.
+ *
+ * @return the AES algorithm object.
+ */
+forge.aes.Algorithm = function(name, mode) {
+  if(!init) {
+    initialize();
+  }
+  var self = this;
+  self.name = name;
+  self.mode = new mode({
+    blockSize: 16,
+    cipher: {
+      encrypt: function(inBlock, outBlock) {
+        return _updateBlock(self._w, inBlock, outBlock, false);
+      },
+      decrypt: function(inBlock, outBlock) {
+        return _updateBlock(self._w, inBlock, outBlock, true);
+      }
+    }
+  });
+  self._init = false;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Initializes this AES algorithm by expanding its key.
+ *
+ * @param options the options to use.
+ *          key the key to use with this algorithm.
+ *          decrypt true if the algorithm should be initialized for decryption,
+ *            false for encryption.
+ */
+forge.aes.Algorithm.prototype.initialize = function(options) {
+  if(this._init) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  var key = options.key;
+  var tmp;
+
+  /* Note: The key may be a string of bytes, an array of bytes, a byte
+    buffer, or an array of 32-bit integers. If the key is in bytes, then
+    it must be 16, 24, or 32 bytes in length. If it is in 32-bit
+    integers, it must be 4, 6, or 8 integers long. */
+
+  if(typeof key === 'string' &&
+    (key.length === 16 || key.length === 24 || key.length === 32)) {
+    // convert key string into byte buffer
+    key = forge.util.createBuffer(key);
+  } else if(forge.util.isArray(key) &&
+    (key.length === 16 || key.length === 24 || key.length === 32)) {
+    // convert key integer array into byte buffer
+    tmp = key;
+    key = forge.util.createBuffer();
+    for(var i = 0; i < tmp.length; ++i) {
+      key.putByte(tmp[i]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // convert key byte buffer into 32-bit integer array
+  if(!forge.util.isArray(key)) {
+    tmp = key;
+    key = [];
+
+    // key lengths of 16, 24, 32 bytes allowed
+    var len = tmp.length();
+    if(len === 16 || len === 24 || len === 32) {
+      len = len >>> 2;
+      for(var i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+        key.push(tmp.getInt32());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // key must be an array of 32-bit integers by now
+  if(!forge.util.isArray(key) ||
+    !(key.length === 4 || key.length === 6 || key.length === 8)) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid key parameter.');
+  }
+
+  // encryption operation is always used for these modes
+  var mode = this.mode.name;
+  var encryptOp = (['CFB', 'OFB', 'CTR', 'GCM'].indexOf(mode) !== -1);
+
+  // do key expansion
+  this._w = _expandKey(key, options.decrypt && !encryptOp);
+  this._init = true;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Expands a key. Typically only used for testing.
+ *
+ * @param key the symmetric key to expand, as an array of 32-bit words.
+ * @param decrypt true to expand for decryption, false for encryption.
+ *
+ * @return the expanded key.
+ */
+forge.aes._expandKey = function(key, decrypt) {
+  if(!init) {
+    initialize();
+  }
+  return _expandKey(key, decrypt);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Updates a single block. Typically only used for testing.
+ *
+ * @param w the expanded key to use.
+ * @param input an array of block-size 32-bit words.
+ * @param output an array of block-size 32-bit words.
+ * @param decrypt true to decrypt, false to encrypt.
+ */
+forge.aes._updateBlock = _updateBlock;
+
+
+/** Register AES algorithms **/
+
+registerAlgorithm('AES-ECB', forge.cipher.modes.ecb);
+registerAlgorithm('AES-CBC', forge.cipher.modes.cbc);
+registerAlgorithm('AES-CFB', forge.cipher.modes.cfb);
+registerAlgorithm('AES-OFB', forge.cipher.modes.ofb);
+registerAlgorithm('AES-CTR', forge.cipher.modes.ctr);
+registerAlgorithm('AES-GCM', forge.cipher.modes.gcm);
+
+function registerAlgorithm(name, mode) {
+  var factory = function() {
+    return new forge.aes.Algorithm(name, mode);
+  };
+  forge.cipher.registerAlgorithm(name, factory);
+}
+
+
+/** AES implementation **/
+
+var init = false; // not yet initialized
+var Nb = 4;       // number of words comprising the state (AES = 4)
+var sbox;         // non-linear substitution table used in key expansion
+var isbox;        // inversion of sbox
+var rcon;         // round constant word array
+var mix;          // mix-columns table
+var imix;         // inverse mix-columns table
+
+/**
+ * Performs initialization, ie: precomputes tables to optimize for speed.
+ *
+ * One way to understand how AES works is to imagine that 'addition' and
+ * 'multiplication' are interfaces that require certain mathematical
+ * properties to hold true (ie: they are associative) but they might have
+ * different implementations and produce different kinds of results ...
+ * provided that their mathematical properties remain true. AES defines
+ * its own methods of addition and multiplication but keeps some important
+ * properties the same, ie: associativity and distributivity. The
+ * explanation below tries to shed some light on how AES defines addition
+ * and multiplication of bytes and 32-bit words in order to perform its
+ * encryption and decryption algorithms.
+ *
+ * The basics:
+ *
+ * The AES algorithm views bytes as binary representations of polynomials
+ * that have either 1 or 0 as the coefficients. It defines the addition
+ * or subtraction of two bytes as the XOR operation. It also defines the
+ * multiplication of two bytes as a finite field referred to as GF(2^8)
+ * (Note: 'GF' means "Galois Field" which is a field that contains a finite
+ * number of elements so GF(2^8) has 256 elements).
+ *
+ * This means that any two bytes can be represented as binary polynomials;
+ * when they multiplied together and modularly reduced by an irreducible
+ * polynomial of the 8th degree, the results are the field GF(2^8). The
+ * specific irreducible polynomial that AES uses in hexadecimal is 0x11b.
+ * This multiplication is associative with 0x01 as the identity:
+ *
+ * (b * 0x01 = GF(b, 0x01) = b).
+ *
+ * The operation GF(b, 0x02) can be performed at the byte level by left
+ * shifting b once and then XOR'ing it (to perform the modular reduction)
+ * with 0x11b if b is >= 128. Repeated application of the multiplication
+ * of 0x02 can be used to implement the multiplication of any two bytes.
+ *
+ * For instance, multiplying 0x57 and 0x13, denoted as GF(0x57, 0x13), can
+ * be performed by factoring 0x13 into 0x01, 0x02, and 0x10. Then these
+ * factors can each be multiplied by 0x57 and then added together. To do
+ * the multiplication, values for 0x57 multiplied by each of these 3 factors
+ * can be precomputed and stored in a table. To add them, the values from
+ * the table are XOR'd together.
+ *
+ * AES also defines addition and multiplication of words, that is 4-byte
+ * numbers represented as polynomials of 3 degrees where the coefficients
+ * are the values of the bytes.
+ *
+ * The word [a0, a1, a2, a3] is a polynomial a3x^3 + a2x^2 + a1x + a0.
+ *
+ * Addition is performed by XOR'ing like powers of x. Multiplication
+ * is performed in two steps, the first is an algebriac expansion as
+ * you would do normally (where addition is XOR). But the result is
+ * a polynomial larger than 3 degrees and thus it cannot fit in a word. So
+ * next the result is modularly reduced by an AES-specific polynomial of
+ * degree 4 which will always produce a polynomial of less than 4 degrees
+ * such that it will fit in a word. In AES, this polynomial is x^4 + 1.
+ *
+ * The modular product of two polynomials 'a' and 'b' is thus:
+ *
+ * d(x) = d3x^3 + d2x^2 + d1x + d0
+ * with
+ * d0 = GF(a0, b0) ^ GF(a3, b1) ^ GF(a2, b2) ^ GF(a1, b3)
+ * d1 = GF(a1, b0) ^ GF(a0, b1) ^ GF(a3, b2) ^ GF(a2, b3)
+ * d2 = GF(a2, b0) ^ GF(a1, b1) ^ GF(a0, b2) ^ GF(a3, b3)
+ * d3 = GF(a3, b0) ^ GF(a2, b1) ^ GF(a1, b2) ^ GF(a0, b3)
+ *
+ * As a matrix:
+ *
+ * [d0] = [a0 a3 a2 a1][b0]
+ * [d1]   [a1 a0 a3 a2][b1]
+ * [d2]   [a2 a1 a0 a3][b2]
+ * [d3]   [a3 a2 a1 a0][b3]
+ *
+ * Special polynomials defined by AES (0x02 == {02}):
+ * a(x)    = {03}x^3 + {01}x^2 + {01}x + {02}
+ * a^-1(x) = {0b}x^3 + {0d}x^2 + {09}x + {0e}.
+ *
+ * These polynomials are used in the MixColumns() and InverseMixColumns()
+ * operations, respectively, to cause each element in the state to affect
+ * the output (referred to as diffusing).
+ *
+ * RotWord() uses: a0 = a1 = a2 = {00} and a3 = {01}, which is the
+ * polynomial x3.
+ *
+ * The ShiftRows() method modifies the last 3 rows in the state (where
+ * the state is 4 words with 4 bytes per word) by shifting bytes cyclically.
+ * The 1st byte in the second row is moved to the end of the row. The 1st
+ * and 2nd bytes in the third row are moved to the end of the row. The 1st,
+ * 2nd, and 3rd bytes are moved in the fourth row.
+ *
+ * More details on how AES arithmetic works:
+ *
+ * In the polynomial representation of binary numbers, XOR performs addition
+ * and subtraction and multiplication in GF(2^8) denoted as GF(a, b)
+ * corresponds with the multiplication of polynomials modulo an irreducible
+ * polynomial of degree 8. In other words, for AES, GF(a, b) will multiply
+ * polynomial 'a' with polynomial 'b' and then do a modular reduction by
+ * an AES-specific irreducible polynomial of degree 8.
+ *
+ * A polynomial is irreducible if its only divisors are one and itself. For
+ * the AES algorithm, this irreducible polynomial is:
+ *
+ * m(x) = x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1,
+ *
+ * or {01}{1b} in hexadecimal notation, where each coefficient is a bit:
+ * 100011011 = 283 = 0x11b.
+ *
+ * For example, GF(0x57, 0x83) = 0xc1 because
+ *
+ * 0x57 = 87  = 01010111 = x^6 + x^4 + x^2 + x + 1
+ * 0x85 = 131 = 10000101 = x^7 + x + 1
+ *
+ * (x^6 + x^4 + x^2 + x + 1) * (x^7 + x + 1)
+ * =  x^13 + x^11 + x^9 + x^8 + x^7 +
+ *    x^7 + x^5 + x^3 + x^2 + x +
+ *    x^6 + x^4 + x^2 + x + 1
+ * =  x^13 + x^11 + x^9 + x^8 + x^6 + x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + 1 = y
+ *    y modulo (x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1)
+ * =  x^7 + x^6 + 1.
+ *
+ * The modular reduction by m(x) guarantees the result will be a binary
+ * polynomial of less than degree 8, so that it can fit in a byte.
+ *
+ * The operation to multiply a binary polynomial b with x (the polynomial
+ * x in binary representation is 00000010) is:
+ *
+ * b_7x^8 + b_6x^7 + b_5x^6 + b_4x^5 + b_3x^4 + b_2x^3 + b_1x^2 + b_0x^1
+ *
+ * To get GF(b, x) we must reduce that by m(x). If b_7 is 0 (that is the
+ * most significant bit is 0 in b) then the result is already reduced. If
+ * it is 1, then we can reduce it by subtracting m(x) via an XOR.
+ *
+ * It follows that multiplication by x (00000010 or 0x02) can be implemented
+ * by performing a left shift followed by a conditional bitwise XOR with
+ * 0x1b. This operation on bytes is denoted by xtime(). Multiplication by
+ * higher powers of x can be implemented by repeated application of xtime().
+ *
+ * By adding intermediate results, multiplication by any constant can be
+ * implemented. For instance:
+ *
+ * GF(0x57, 0x13) = 0xfe because:
+ *
+ * xtime(b) = (b & 128) ? (b << 1 ^ 0x11b) : (b << 1)
+ *
+ * Note: We XOR with 0x11b instead of 0x1b because in javascript our
+ * datatype for b can be larger than 1 byte, so a left shift will not
+ * automatically eliminate bits that overflow a byte ... by XOR'ing the
+ * overflow bit with 1 (the extra one from 0x11b) we zero it out.
+ *
+ * GF(0x57, 0x02) = xtime(0x57) = 0xae
+ * GF(0x57, 0x04) = xtime(0xae) = 0x47
+ * GF(0x57, 0x08) = xtime(0x47) = 0x8e
+ * GF(0x57, 0x10) = xtime(0x8e) = 0x07
+ *
+ * GF(0x57, 0x13) = GF(0x57, (0x01 ^ 0x02 ^ 0x10))
+ *
+ * And by the distributive property (since XOR is addition and GF() is
+ * multiplication):
+ *
+ * = GF(0x57, 0x01) ^ GF(0x57, 0x02) ^ GF(0x57, 0x10)
+ * = 0x57 ^ 0xae ^ 0x07
+ * = 0xfe.
+ */
+function initialize() {
+  init = true;
+
+  /* Populate the Rcon table. These are the values given by
+    [x^(i-1),{00},{00},{00}] where x^(i-1) are powers of x (and x = 0x02)
+    in the field of GF(2^8), where i starts at 1.
+
+    rcon[0] = [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]
+    rcon[1] = [0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00] 2^(1-1) = 2^0 = 1
+    rcon[2] = [0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00] 2^(2-1) = 2^1 = 2
+    ...
+    rcon[9]  = [0x1B, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00] 2^(9-1)  = 2^8 = 0x1B
+    rcon[10] = [0x36, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00] 2^(10-1) = 2^9 = 0x36
+
+    We only store the first byte because it is the only one used.
+  */
+  rcon = [0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80, 0x1B, 0x36];
+
+  // compute xtime table which maps i onto GF(i, 0x02)
+  var xtime = new Array(256);
+  for(var i = 0; i < 128; ++i) {
+    xtime[i] = i << 1;
+    xtime[i + 128] = (i + 128) << 1 ^ 0x11B;
+  }
+
+  // compute all other tables
+  sbox = new Array(256);
+  isbox = new Array(256);
+  mix = new Array(4);
+  imix = new Array(4);
+  for(var i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+    mix[i] = new Array(256);
+    imix[i] = new Array(256);
+  }
+  var e = 0, ei = 0, e2, e4, e8, sx, sx2, me, ime;
+  for(var i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
+    /* We need to generate the SubBytes() sbox and isbox tables so that
+      we can perform byte substitutions. This requires us to traverse
+      all of the elements in GF, find their multiplicative inverses,
+      and apply to each the following affine transformation:
+
+      bi' = bi ^ b(i + 4) mod 8 ^ b(i + 5) mod 8 ^ b(i + 6) mod 8 ^
+            b(i + 7) mod 8 ^ ci
+      for 0 <= i < 8, where bi is the ith bit of the byte, and ci is the
+      ith bit of a byte c with the value {63} or {01100011}.
+
+      It is possible to traverse every possible value in a Galois field
+      using what is referred to as a 'generator'. There are many
+      generators (128 out of 256): 3,5,6,9,11,82 to name a few. To fully
+      traverse GF we iterate 255 times, multiplying by our generator
+      each time.
+
+      On each iteration we can determine the multiplicative inverse for
+      the current element.
+
+      Suppose there is an element in GF 'e'. For a given generator 'g',
+      e = g^x. The multiplicative inverse of e is g^(255 - x). It turns
+      out that if use the inverse of a generator as another generator
+      it will produce all of the corresponding multiplicative inverses
+      at the same time. For this reason, we choose 5 as our inverse
+      generator because it only requires 2 multiplies and 1 add and its
+      inverse, 82, requires relatively few operations as well.
+
+      In order to apply the affine transformation, the multiplicative
+      inverse 'ei' of 'e' can be repeatedly XOR'd (4 times) with a
+      bit-cycling of 'ei'. To do this 'ei' is first stored in 's' and
+      'x'. Then 's' is left shifted and the high bit of 's' is made the
+      low bit. The resulting value is stored in 's'. Then 'x' is XOR'd
+      with 's' and stored in 'x'. On each subsequent iteration the same
+      operation is performed. When 4 iterations are complete, 'x' is
+      XOR'd with 'c' (0x63) and the transformed value is stored in 'x'.
+      For example:
+
+      s = 01000001
+      x = 01000001
+
+      iteration 1: s = 10000010, x ^= s
+      iteration 2: s = 00000101, x ^= s
+      iteration 3: s = 00001010, x ^= s
+      iteration 4: s = 00010100, x ^= s
+      x ^= 0x63
+
+      This can be done with a loop where s = (s << 1) | (s >> 7). However,
+      it can also be done by using a single 16-bit (in this case 32-bit)
+      number 'sx'. Since XOR is an associative operation, we can set 'sx'
+      to 'ei' and then XOR it with 'sx' left-shifted 1,2,3, and 4 times.
+      The most significant bits will flow into the high 8 bit positions
+      and be correctly XOR'd with one another. All that remains will be
+      to cycle the high 8 bits by XOR'ing them all with the lower 8 bits
+      afterwards.
+
+      At the same time we're populating sbox and isbox we can precompute
+      the multiplication we'll need to do to do MixColumns() later.
+    */
+
+    // apply affine transformation
+    sx = ei ^ (ei << 1) ^ (ei << 2) ^ (ei << 3) ^ (ei << 4);
+    sx = (sx >> 8) ^ (sx & 255) ^ 0x63;
+
+    // update tables
+    sbox[e] = sx;
+    isbox[sx] = e;
+
+    /* Mixing columns is done using matrix multiplication. The columns
+      that are to be mixed are each a single word in the current state.
+      The state has Nb columns (4 columns). Therefore each column is a
+      4 byte word. So to mix the columns in a single column 'c' where
+      its rows are r0, r1, r2, and r3, we use the following matrix
+      multiplication:
+
+      [2 3 1 1]*[r0,c]=[r'0,c]
+      [1 2 3 1] [r1,c] [r'1,c]
+      [1 1 2 3] [r2,c] [r'2,c]
+      [3 1 1 2] [r3,c] [r'3,c]
+
+      r0, r1, r2, and r3 are each 1 byte of one of the words in the
+      state (a column). To do matrix multiplication for each mixed
+      column c' we multiply the corresponding row from the left matrix
+      with the corresponding column from the right matrix. In total, we
+      get 4 equations:
+
+      r0,c' = 2*r0,c + 3*r1,c + 1*r2,c + 1*r3,c
+      r1,c' = 1*r0,c + 2*r1,c + 3*r2,c + 1*r3,c
+      r2,c' = 1*r0,c + 1*r1,c + 2*r2,c + 3*r3,c
+      r3,c' = 3*r0,c + 1*r1,c + 1*r2,c + 2*r3,c
+
+      As usual, the multiplication is as previously defined and the
+      addition is XOR. In order to optimize mixing columns we can store
+      the multiplication results in tables. If you think of the whole
+      column as a word (it might help to visualize by mentally rotating
+      the equations above by counterclockwise 90 degrees) then you can
+      see that it would be useful to map the multiplications performed on
+      each byte (r0, r1, r2, r3) onto a word as well. For instance, we
+      could map 2*r0,1*r0,1*r0,3*r0 onto a word by storing 2*r0 in the
+      highest 8 bits and 3*r0 in the lowest 8 bits (with the other two
+      respectively in the middle). This means that a table can be
+      constructed that uses r0 as an index to the word. We can do the
+      same with r1, r2, and r3, creating a total of 4 tables.
+
+      To construct a full c', we can just look up each byte of c in
+      their respective tables and XOR the results together.
+
+      Also, to build each table we only have to calculate the word
+      for 2,1,1,3 for every byte ... which we can do on each iteration
+      of this loop since we will iterate over every byte. After we have
+      calculated 2,1,1,3 we can get the results for the other tables
+      by cycling the byte at the end to the beginning. For instance
+      we can take the result of table 2,1,1,3 and produce table 3,2,1,1
+      by moving the right most byte to the left most position just like
+      how you can imagine the 3 moved out of 2,1,1,3 and to the front
+      to produce 3,2,1,1.
+
+      There is another optimization in that the same multiples of
+      the current element we need in order to advance our generator
+      to the next iteration can be reused in performing the 2,1,1,3
+      calculation. We also calculate the inverse mix column tables,
+      with e,9,d,b being the inverse of 2,1,1,3.
+
+      When we're done, and we need to actually mix columns, the first
+      byte of each state word should be put through mix[0] (2,1,1,3),
+      the second through mix[1] (3,2,1,1) and so forth. Then they should
+      be XOR'd together to produce the fully mixed column.
+    */
+
+    // calculate mix and imix table values
+    sx2 = xtime[sx];
+    e2 = xtime[e];
+    e4 = xtime[e2];
+    e8 = xtime[e4];
+    me =
+      (sx2 << 24) ^  // 2
+      (sx << 16) ^   // 1
+      (sx << 8) ^    // 1
+      (sx ^ sx2);    // 3
+    ime =
+      (e2 ^ e4 ^ e8) << 24 ^  // E (14)
+      (e ^ e8) << 16 ^        // 9
+      (e ^ e4 ^ e8) << 8 ^    // D (13)
+      (e ^ e2 ^ e8);          // B (11)
+    // produce each of the mix tables by rotating the 2,1,1,3 value
+    for(var n = 0; n < 4; ++n) {
+      mix[n][e] = me;
+      imix[n][sx] = ime;
+      // cycle the right most byte to the left most position
+      // ie: 2,1,1,3 becomes 3,2,1,1
+      me = me << 24 | me >>> 8;
+      ime = ime << 24 | ime >>> 8;
+    }
+
+    // get next element and inverse
+    if(e === 0) {
+      // 1 is the inverse of 1
+      e = ei = 1;
+    } else {
+      // e = 2e + 2*2*2*(10e)) = multiply e by 82 (chosen generator)
+      // ei = ei + 2*2*ei = multiply ei by 5 (inverse generator)
+      e = e2 ^ xtime[xtime[xtime[e2 ^ e8]]];
+      ei ^= xtime[xtime[ei]];
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generates a key schedule using the AES key expansion algorithm.
+ *
+ * The AES algorithm takes the Cipher Key, K, and performs a Key Expansion
+ * routine to generate a key schedule. The Key Expansion generates a total
+ * of Nb*(Nr + 1) words: the algorithm requires an initial set of Nb words,
+ * and each of the Nr rounds requires Nb words of key data. The resulting
+ * key schedule consists of a linear array of 4-byte words, denoted [wi ],
+ * with i in the range 0 ≤ i < Nb(Nr + 1).
+ *
+ * KeyExpansion(byte key[4*Nk], word w[Nb*(Nr+1)], Nk)
+ * AES-128 (Nb=4, Nk=4, Nr=10)
+ * AES-192 (Nb=4, Nk=6, Nr=12)
+ * AES-256 (Nb=4, Nk=8, Nr=14)
+ * Note: Nr=Nk+6.
+ *
+ * Nb is the number of columns (32-bit words) comprising the State (or
+ * number of bytes in a block). For AES, Nb=4.
+ *
+ * @param key the key to schedule (as an array of 32-bit words).
+ * @param decrypt true to modify the key schedule to decrypt, false not to.
+ *
+ * @return the generated key schedule.
+ */
+function _expandKey(key, decrypt) {
+  // copy the key's words to initialize the key schedule
+  var w = key.slice(0);
+
+  /* RotWord() will rotate a word, moving the first byte to the last
+    byte's position (shifting the other bytes left).
+
+    We will be getting the value of Rcon at i / Nk. 'i' will iterate
+    from Nk to (Nb * Nr+1). Nk = 4 (4 byte key), Nb = 4 (4 words in
+    a block), Nr = Nk + 6 (10). Therefore 'i' will iterate from
+    4 to 44 (exclusive). Each time we iterate 4 times, i / Nk will
+    increase by 1. We use a counter iNk to keep track of this.
+   */
+
+  // go through the rounds expanding the key
+  var temp, iNk = 1;
+  var Nk = w.length;
+  var Nr1 = Nk + 6 + 1;
+  var end = Nb * Nr1;
+  for(var i = Nk; i < end; ++i) {
+    temp = w[i - 1];
+    if(i % Nk === 0) {
+      // temp = SubWord(RotWord(temp)) ^ Rcon[i / Nk]
+      temp =
+        sbox[temp >>> 16 & 255] << 24 ^
+        sbox[temp >>> 8 & 255] << 16 ^
+        sbox[temp & 255] << 8 ^
+        sbox[temp >>> 24] ^ (rcon[iNk] << 24);
+      iNk++;
+    } else if(Nk > 6 && (i % Nk === 4)) {
+      // temp = SubWord(temp)
+      temp =
+        sbox[temp >>> 24] << 24 ^
+        sbox[temp >>> 16 & 255] << 16 ^
+        sbox[temp >>> 8 & 255] << 8 ^
+        sbox[temp & 255];
+    }
+    w[i] = w[i - Nk] ^ temp;
+  }
+
+   /* When we are updating a cipher block we always use the code path for
+     encryption whether we are decrypting or not (to shorten code and
+     simplify the generation of look up tables). However, because there
+     are differences in the decryption algorithm, other than just swapping
+     in different look up tables, we must transform our key schedule to
+     account for these changes:
+
+     1. The decryption algorithm gets its key rounds in reverse order.
+     2. The decryption algorithm adds the round key before mixing columns
+       instead of afterwards.
+
+     We don't need to modify our key schedule to handle the first case,
+     we can just traverse the key schedule in reverse order when decrypting.
+
+     The second case requires a little work.
+
+     The tables we built for performing rounds will take an input and then
+     perform SubBytes() and MixColumns() or, for the decrypt version,
+     InvSubBytes() and InvMixColumns(). But the decrypt algorithm requires
+     us to AddRoundKey() before InvMixColumns(). This means we'll need to
+     apply some transformations to the round key to inverse-mix its columns
+     so they'll be correct for moving AddRoundKey() to after the state has
+     had its columns inverse-mixed.
+
+     To inverse-mix the columns of the state when we're decrypting we use a
+     lookup table that will apply InvSubBytes() and InvMixColumns() at the
+     same time. However, the round key's bytes are not inverse-substituted
+     in the decryption algorithm. To get around this problem, we can first
+     substitute the bytes in the round key so that when we apply the
+     transformation via the InvSubBytes()+InvMixColumns() table, it will
+     undo our substitution leaving us with the original value that we
+     want -- and then inverse-mix that value.
+
+     This change will correctly alter our key schedule so that we can XOR
+     each round key with our already transformed decryption state. This
+     allows us to use the same code path as the encryption algorithm.
+
+     We make one more change to the decryption key. Since the decryption
+     algorithm runs in reverse from the encryption algorithm, we reverse
+     the order of the round keys to avoid having to iterate over the key
+     schedule backwards when running the encryption algorithm later in
+     decryption mode. In addition to reversing the order of the round keys,
+     we also swap each round key's 2nd and 4th rows. See the comments
+     section where rounds are performed for more details about why this is
+     done. These changes are done inline with the other substitution
+     described above.
+  */
+  if(decrypt) {
+    var tmp;
+    var m0 = imix[0];
+    var m1 = imix[1];
+    var m2 = imix[2];
+    var m3 = imix[3];
+    var wnew = w.slice(0);
+    end = w.length;
+    for(var i = 0, wi = end - Nb; i < end; i += Nb, wi -= Nb) {
+      // do not sub the first or last round key (round keys are Nb
+      // words) as no column mixing is performed before they are added,
+      // but do change the key order
+      if(i === 0 || i === (end - Nb)) {
+        wnew[i] = w[wi];
+        wnew[i + 1] = w[wi + 3];
+        wnew[i + 2] = w[wi + 2];
+        wnew[i + 3] = w[wi + 1];
+      } else {
+        // substitute each round key byte because the inverse-mix
+        // table will inverse-substitute it (effectively cancel the
+        // substitution because round key bytes aren't sub'd in
+        // decryption mode) and swap indexes 3 and 1
+        for(var n = 0; n < Nb; ++n) {
+          tmp = w[wi + n];
+          wnew[i + (3&-n)] =
+            m0[sbox[tmp >>> 24]] ^
+            m1[sbox[tmp >>> 16 & 255]] ^
+            m2[sbox[tmp >>> 8 & 255]] ^
+            m3[sbox[tmp & 255]];
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    w = wnew;
+  }
+
+  return w;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Updates a single block (16 bytes) using AES. The update will either
+ * encrypt or decrypt the block.
+ *
+ * @param w the key schedule.
+ * @param input the input block (an array of 32-bit words).
+ * @param output the updated output block.
+ * @param decrypt true to decrypt the block, false to encrypt it.
+ */
+function _updateBlock(w, input, output, decrypt) {
+  /*
+  Cipher(byte in[4*Nb], byte out[4*Nb], word w[Nb*(Nr+1)])
+  begin
+    byte state[4,Nb]
+    state = in
+    AddRoundKey(state, w[0, Nb-1])
+    for round = 1 step 1 to Nr–1
+      SubBytes(state)
+      ShiftRows(state)
+      MixColumns(state)
+      AddRoundKey(state, w[round*Nb, (round+1)*Nb-1])
+    end for
+    SubBytes(state)
+    ShiftRows(state)
+    AddRoundKey(state, w[Nr*Nb, (Nr+1)*Nb-1])
+    out = state
+  end
+
+  InvCipher(byte in[4*Nb], byte out[4*Nb], word w[Nb*(Nr+1)])
+  begin
+    byte state[4,Nb]
+    state = in
+    AddRoundKey(state, w[Nr*Nb, (Nr+1)*Nb-1])
+    for round = Nr-1 step -1 downto 1
+      InvShiftRows(state)
+      InvSubBytes(state)
+      AddRoundKey(state, w[round*Nb, (round+1)*Nb-1])
+      InvMixColumns(state)
+    end for
+    InvShiftRows(state)
+    InvSubBytes(state)
+    AddRoundKey(state, w[0, Nb-1])
+    out = state
+  end
+  */
+
+  // Encrypt: AddRoundKey(state, w[0, Nb-1])
+  // Decrypt: AddRoundKey(state, w[Nr*Nb, (Nr+1)*Nb-1])
+  var Nr = w.length / 4 - 1;
+  var m0, m1, m2, m3, sub;
+  if(decrypt) {
+    m0 = imix[0];
+    m1 = imix[1];
+    m2 = imix[2];
+    m3 = imix[3];
+    sub = isbox;
+  } else {
+    m0 = mix[0];
+    m1 = mix[1];
+    m2 = mix[2];
+    m3 = mix[3];
+    sub = sbox;
+  }
+  var a, b, c, d, a2, b2, c2;
+  a = input[0] ^ w[0];
+  b = input[decrypt ? 3 : 1] ^ w[1];
+  c = input[2] ^ w[2];
+  d = input[decrypt ? 1 : 3] ^ w[3];
+  var i = 3;
+
+  /* In order to share code we follow the encryption algorithm when both
+    encrypting and decrypting. To account for the changes required in the
+    decryption algorithm, we use different lookup tables when decrypting
+    and use a modified key schedule to account for the difference in the
+    order of transformations applied when performing rounds. We also get
+    key rounds in reverse order (relative to encryption). */
+  for(var round = 1; round < Nr; ++round) {
+    /* As described above, we'll be using table lookups to perform the
+      column mixing. Each column is stored as a word in the state (the
+      array 'input' has one column as a word at each index). In order to
+      mix a column, we perform these transformations on each row in c,
+      which is 1 byte in each word. The new column for c0 is c'0:
+
+               m0      m1      m2      m3
+      r0,c'0 = 2*r0,c0 + 3*r1,c0 + 1*r2,c0 + 1*r3,c0
+      r1,c'0 = 1*r0,c0 + 2*r1,c0 + 3*r2,c0 + 1*r3,c0
+      r2,c'0 = 1*r0,c0 + 1*r1,c0 + 2*r2,c0 + 3*r3,c0
+      r3,c'0 = 3*r0,c0 + 1*r1,c0 + 1*r2,c0 + 2*r3,c0
+
+      So using mix tables where c0 is a word with r0 being its upper
+      8 bits and r3 being its lower 8 bits:
+
+      m0[c0 >> 24] will yield this word: [2*r0,1*r0,1*r0,3*r0]
+      ...
+      m3[c0 & 255] will yield this word: [1*r3,1*r3,3*r3,2*r3]
+
+      Therefore to mix the columns in each word in the state we
+      do the following (& 255 omitted for brevity):
+      c'0,r0 = m0[c0 >> 24] ^ m1[c1 >> 16] ^ m2[c2 >> 8] ^ m3[c3]
+      c'0,r1 = m0[c0 >> 24] ^ m1[c1 >> 16] ^ m2[c2 >> 8] ^ m3[c3]
+      c'0,r2 = m0[c0 >> 24] ^ m1[c1 >> 16] ^ m2[c2 >> 8] ^ m3[c3]
+      c'0,r3 = m0[c0 >> 24] ^ m1[c1 >> 16] ^ m2[c2 >> 8] ^ m3[c3]
+
+      However, before mixing, the algorithm requires us to perform
+      ShiftRows(). The ShiftRows() transformation cyclically shifts the
+      last 3 rows of the state over different offsets. The first row
+      (r = 0) is not shifted.
+
+      s'_r,c = s_r,(c + shift(r, Nb) mod Nb
+      for 0 < r < 4 and 0 <= c < Nb and
+      shift(1, 4) = 1
+      shift(2, 4) = 2
+      shift(3, 4) = 3.
+
+      This causes the first byte in r = 1 to be moved to the end of
+      the row, the first 2 bytes in r = 2 to be moved to the end of
+      the row, the first 3 bytes in r = 3 to be moved to the end of
+      the row:
+
+      r1: [c0 c1 c2 c3] => [c1 c2 c3 c0]
+      r2: [c0 c1 c2 c3]    [c2 c3 c0 c1]
+      r3: [c0 c1 c2 c3]    [c3 c0 c1 c2]
+
+      We can make these substitutions inline with our column mixing to
+      generate an updated set of equations to produce each word in the
+      state (note the columns have changed positions):
+
+      c0 c1 c2 c3 => c0 c1 c2 c3
+      c0 c1 c2 c3    c1 c2 c3 c0  (cycled 1 byte)
+      c0 c1 c2 c3    c2 c3 c0 c1  (cycled 2 bytes)
+      c0 c1 c2 c3    c3 c0 c1 c2  (cycled 3 bytes)
+
+      Therefore:
+
+      c'0 = 2*r0,c0 + 3*r1,c1 + 1*r2,c2 + 1*r3,c3
+      c'0 = 1*r0,c0 + 2*r1,c1 + 3*r2,c2 + 1*r3,c3
+      c'0 = 1*r0,c0 + 1*r1,c1 + 2*r2,c2 + 3*r3,c3
+      c'0 = 3*r0,c0 + 1*r1,c1 + 1*r2,c2 + 2*r3,c3
+
+      c'1 = 2*r0,c1 + 3*r1,c2 + 1*r2,c3 + 1*r3,c0
+      c'1 = 1*r0,c1 + 2*r1,c2 + 3*r2,c3 + 1*r3,c0
+      c'1 = 1*r0,c1 + 1*r1,c2 + 2*r2,c3 + 3*r3,c0
+      c'1 = 3*r0,c1 + 1*r1,c2 + 1*r2,c3 + 2*r3,c0
+
+      ... and so forth for c'2 and c'3. The important distinction is
+      that the columns are cycling, with c0 being used with the m0
+      map when calculating c0, but c1 being used with the m0 map when
+      calculating c1 ... and so forth.
+
+      When performing the inverse we transform the mirror image and
+      skip the bottom row, instead of the top one, and move upwards:
+
+      c3 c2 c1 c0 => c0 c3 c2 c1  (cycled 3 bytes) *same as encryption
+      c3 c2 c1 c0    c1 c0 c3 c2  (cycled 2 bytes)
+      c3 c2 c1 c0    c2 c1 c0 c3  (cycled 1 byte)  *same as encryption
+      c3 c2 c1 c0    c3 c2 c1 c0
+
+      If you compare the resulting matrices for ShiftRows()+MixColumns()
+      and for InvShiftRows()+InvMixColumns() the 2nd and 4th columns are
+      different (in encrypt mode vs. decrypt mode). So in order to use
+      the same code to handle both encryption and decryption, we will
+      need to do some mapping.
+
+      If in encryption mode we let a=c0, b=c1, c=c2, d=c3, and r<N> be
+      a row number in the state, then the resulting matrix in encryption
+      mode for applying the above transformations would be:
+
+      r1: a b c d
+      r2: b c d a
+      r3: c d a b
+      r4: d a b c
+
+      If we did the same in decryption mode we would get:
+
+      r1: a d c b
+      r2: b a d c
+      r3: c b a d
+      r4: d c b a
+
+      If instead we swap d and b (set b=c3 and d=c1), then we get:
+
+      r1: a b c d
+      r2: d a b c
+      r3: c d a b
+      r4: b c d a
+
+      Now the 1st and 3rd rows are the same as the encryption matrix. All
+      we need to do then to make the mapping exactly the same is to swap
+      the 2nd and 4th rows when in decryption mode. To do this without
+      having to do it on each iteration, we swapped the 2nd and 4th rows
+      in the decryption key schedule. We also have to do the swap above
+      when we first pull in the input and when we set the final output. */
+    a2 =
+      m0[a >>> 24] ^
+      m1[b >>> 16 & 255] ^
+      m2[c >>> 8 & 255] ^
+      m3[d & 255] ^ w[++i];
+    b2 =
+      m0[b >>> 24] ^
+      m1[c >>> 16 & 255] ^
+      m2[d >>> 8 & 255] ^
+      m3[a & 255] ^ w[++i];
+    c2 =
+      m0[c >>> 24] ^
+      m1[d >>> 16 & 255] ^
+      m2[a >>> 8 & 255] ^
+      m3[b & 255] ^ w[++i];
+    d =
+      m0[d >>> 24] ^
+      m1[a >>> 16 & 255] ^
+      m2[b >>> 8 & 255] ^
+      m3[c & 255] ^ w[++i];
+    a = a2;
+    b = b2;
+    c = c2;
+  }
+
+  /*
+    Encrypt:
+    SubBytes(state)
+    ShiftRows(state)
+    AddRoundKey(state, w[Nr*Nb, (Nr+1)*Nb-1])
+
+    Decrypt:
+    InvShiftRows(state)
+    InvSubBytes(state)
+    AddRoundKey(state, w[0, Nb-1])
+   */
+   // Note: rows are shifted inline
+  output[0] =
+    (sub[a >>> 24] << 24) ^
+    (sub[b >>> 16 & 255] << 16) ^
+    (sub[c >>> 8 & 255] << 8) ^
+    (sub[d & 255]) ^ w[++i];
+  output[decrypt ? 3 : 1] =
+    (sub[b >>> 24] << 24) ^
+    (sub[c >>> 16 & 255] << 16) ^
+    (sub[d >>> 8 & 255] << 8) ^
+    (sub[a & 255]) ^ w[++i];
+  output[2] =
+    (sub[c >>> 24] << 24) ^
+    (sub[d >>> 16 & 255] << 16) ^
+    (sub[a >>> 8 & 255] << 8) ^
+    (sub[b & 255]) ^ w[++i];
+  output[decrypt ? 1 : 3] =
+    (sub[d >>> 24] << 24) ^
+    (sub[a >>> 16 & 255] << 16) ^
+    (sub[b >>> 8 & 255] << 8) ^
+    (sub[c & 255]) ^ w[++i];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Deprecated. Instead, use:
+ *
+ * forge.cipher.createCipher('AES-<mode>', key);
+ * forge.cipher.createDecipher('AES-<mode>', key);
+ *
+ * Creates a deprecated AES cipher object. This object's mode will default to
+ * CBC (cipher-block-chaining).
+ *
+ * The key and iv may be given as a string of bytes, an array of bytes, a
+ * byte buffer, or an array of 32-bit words.
+ *
+ * @param options the options to use.
+ *          key the symmetric key to use.
+ *          output the buffer to write to.
+ *          decrypt true for decryption, false for encryption.
+ *          mode the cipher mode to use (default: 'CBC').
+ *
+ * @return the cipher.
+ */
+function _createCipher(options) {
+  options = options || {};
+  var mode = (options.mode || 'CBC').toUpperCase();
+  var algorithm = 'AES-' + mode;
+
+  var cipher;
+  if(options.decrypt) {
+    cipher = forge.cipher.createDecipher(algorithm, options.key);
+  } else {
+    cipher = forge.cipher.createCipher(algorithm, options.key);
+  }
+
+  // backwards compatible start API
+  var start = cipher.start;
+  cipher.start = function(iv, options) {
+    // backwards compatibility: support second arg as output buffer
+    var output = null;
+    if(options instanceof forge.util.ByteBuffer) {
+      output = options;
+      options = {};
+    }
+    options = options || {};
+    options.output = output;
+    options.iv = iv;
+    start.call(cipher, options);
+  };
+
+  return cipher;
+}
+
+} // end module implementation
+
+/* ########## Begin module wrapper ########## */
+var name = 'aes';
+if(typeof define !== 'function') {
+  // NodeJS -> AMD
+  if(typeof module === 'object' && module.exports) {
+    var nodeJS = true;
+    define = function(ids, factory) {
+      factory(require, module);
+    };
+  } else {
+    // <script>
+    if(typeof forge === 'undefined') {
+      forge = {};
+    }
+    return initModule(forge);
+  }
+}
+// AMD
+var deps;
+var defineFunc = function(require, module) {
+  module.exports = function(forge) {
+    var mods = deps.map(function(dep) {
+      return require(dep);
+    }).concat(initModule);
+    // handle circular dependencies
+    forge = forge || {};
+    forge.defined = forge.defined || {};
+    if(forge.defined[name]) {
+      return forge[name];
+    }
+    forge.defined[name] = true;
+    for(var i = 0; i < mods.length; ++i) {
+      mods[i](forge);
+    }
+    return forge[name];
+  };
+};
+var tmpDefine = define;
+define = function(ids, factory) {
+  deps = (typeof ids === 'string') ? factory.slice(2) : ids.slice(2);
+  if(nodeJS) {
+    delete define;
+    return tmpDefine.apply(null, Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0));
+  }
+  define = tmpDefine;
+  return define.apply(null, Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0));
+};
+define(
+  ['require', 'module', './cipher', './cipherModes', './util'], function() {
+  defineFunc.apply(null, Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0));
+});
+})();